An Analysis of Emily Dickinsons Poem #315 :: Emily Dickinson Poem 315 Essays

An Analysis of Emily Dickinson's Poem #315 I believe that this poem can be interpreted in many different ways. Who is to say that there can only be one explanation or meaning to Dickinson's #315? Since being introduced to this poem, I have heard many different interpretations either from others in my group or from reading about it in web sites or books. In this close reading, I will concentrate on the very first word of this text: He. I will explain who I think this person is and how "He" is responsible for the actions in this poem. In my view, I think the one doing the action in this poem or, "He," is some form of deity. Whether it is God or just a god is beyond my comprehension. I think the only one who knows that answer is Emily Dickinson herself. At first thought, however, I envisioned a supreme Zeus-like god playing the song that is our lives like a musical instrument. We travel through life's trials and tribulations, provided by this being, and we ultimately die at the hand of him. The first line not only introduces this character but explains that his hands are guiding our souls. The mental image I received from the word "fumbles" (line 1) is a simple one. I thought of someone throwing bits of mozzarella cheese on top of a pizza getting ready to be cooked! This can be symbolic of our supreme being throwing at us the events of our lives as it fumbles through his hands with no concern or compassion as to where it falls. The next line verifies this image. "As Players at the Keys" (line 2) is symbolic of a pianist playing the song that is our life. However, the plural usage of "player" might suggest more than one god is in control of our existence. Like a song with its peaks and valleys (representing our life) the pianist's ("He," or, the gods) fingers strike at the "keys" with varying tempo's and force. This also ties in to lines three and four. "Before they drop the full music on - He stuns you by degrees-" At this point I feel Dickinson is trying to tell us that those who are in control of our soul are not in our favor.

Psychology Reflective Paper Essay

This class has not only enabled me to become a better student, but also a more productive adult in various ways. Initially, I came into your class ecstatic because I knew the journey I would embark would be an exciting one; however, I encountered challenges throughout the course although learning new psychological methods is enthusing to me. I learned about the origin of psychology and the evolution of modern psychology. In further detail, I will discuss how the learning goals of this course have influenced my career and personal life. When I began college, I was undecided about what to study. Initially, I enrolled as Biology major. I majored in biology for three years of my college career. Because I was not happy or even satisfied, I decided to pursue studying a subject that genuinely grasped my interest. I knew in my heart that whatever I was searching for had to be something I would love doing for the rest of my life or at least most of it. Therefore, I went on an exploration to find that one particular area of study that would be of great significance to me and my future endeavors. I came across Psychology. I didn’t know much about it. All I knew was that I took it during my freshman year because it was a requirement to take Psychology 101. The entire time while I was reminiscing about this class, all I could remember was the professor lecturing about the human mind and why people do what they do. I found it to be sort of interesting and I said, â€Å"Hey, why not give it a try?† Previously, I had skeptic views. I contemplated about making this big change because I thought there was nothing else left for me to do but to†¦ â€Å"Just do it!† Because I am new to everything that is going on around me within my Psychology courses, there is plenty that I wish to obtain and learn: not just from my professors but also from my peers. One class that I have taken is History and Systems of Psychology, and it is one of my most interesting Psychology courses here at the University. This course is very different from many classes that I have taken. There are seminars, blogs, essays, Greeks, and much more that surround this course. The seminars consist of in class discussions where we converse about different readings and how we feel about what was read, as well as what the writer was trying to convey to his or her audience. Sometimes the discussions can become intense but it is stimulating. I am not much of a public speaker, but the seminars are beneficial to me conquering my phobia of speaking in front of a crowd of people. The course is informative but surprisingly it isn’t boring. I perceive as motivation to do well through the learning goals that are set out before us by the professor. Contrary, to my previous study of Psychology, I have learned a vast amount of information from being in this course. Yes, History and Systems of Psychology will inform and teach me about the ancient Greeks and their attributes towards the development of Psychology but I will also learn skills that will definitely be beneficial in my career as a Speech Pathologist. A Speech Pathologist evaluates and diagnosis speech, language, cognitive- communication and swallowing disorders. They also treat speech, language, cognitive- communication and swallowing disorders in individuals of all ages, from infants to the elderly. The class is not only lecturing, but also growth for future purposes. My fellow classmates and I will be able to network with one another on a more intellectual level. We are all able to discuss our opinions about different topics through seminars. This is a way to help better our communication and listening skills. Patience is gained when waiting for others to speak, even though you may be eager to express your views on a particular situation. It helps us to be more open-minded to others’ opinions which provide us with the opportunity to learn from one another and just the professor. Because it is proven that the focus of psychological studies in modern society may not reflect its colorful and amusing history, its roots however fluctuate from the modern philosophies of the field. In order to totally comprehend psychology, one must first go back into its history and explore its origins. A question that I asked myself and became informed of throughout the course of this semester is: â€Å"How did the studies of Psychology originate? What period was Psychology created?† Because I was able to question myself, I became more involved and interesting not only in Psychology 445, but the overall studies of Psychology. As I answered these questions, I realized that Psychology involves a massive range of topics; alongside, examining the human’s developmental patterns and mental practices from cultural level to neural level. Interestingly, I learned that Speech Pathologists study the same materials as Psychologists. For example, both patricians must know matters pertaining to human mental concerns. These issues can begin right from delivery and endure up until the death of the person. Through the knowledge developed in Psychology 445, I will be able to better comprehend how the individual topics are studied and what has been taught thus far. One of my most beloved and studied psychologist has been Sigmund Freud (Freud). Independently, I studied Freud; the famous Austrian physician transformed the entire face of psychology in such an intense way by creating a theory of personality that strained on the significance of the unconscious mind. Freud’s involvement with clients anguish from mental ailments like hysteria directed him to consider that one’s early childhood encounters as well as our unconscious impulses contribute greatly towards the development of our adult lifestyle behavior and characteristics. You may ask yourself: â€Å"Why is this information important to?† As stated in our learning goals there are many historical psychologists who can give an account for the evolution of modern psychology. It is important for me to understand the history and previous studies because past determinations will enable me to diagnose my clients when I work as a speech pathologist. There are commonalties between psychologist and speech pathologist. Because of these similarities, I have encountered psychological skills that I plan to utilize as a speech pathologist. Interestingly, Psychology continues to evolve! Currently, majority practices do not identify themselves with a distinct school of thought. Instead, workers prefer focusing on certain specialty ranges or perspectives, often creating conclusions from a wide range of theoretical experiences. This methodology has contributed new theories and ideas that still carry on to shape the future of psychology. In conclusion, I learned quality listening and observance skills. In order for me to be a good Speech Pathologist, I must be able to listen and communicate with the patients. I must be patient, stable, tolerant of others, confident, and the ability to communicate effectively, both orally and in writing. Surprisingly, in class being emotionally stable really is a great trait to have and learn. Because everyone does not have identical in personalities and background life experiences, everyone may not think alike. In most cases, when there is a discussion and there are many different thoughts and opinions being tossed in the air, some individuals tend to become a little upset because they may feel that what they believe is correct. However, when engaging in conversation with others who may have different point of views, there is no right or wrong. Therefore, having emotional stability is important. I believe that this change which I have made is for the best. I feel that with every moment I attend class, I am discovering something new and opening myself up to bigger and brighter opportunities.

Adult Cystic Acne - 901 Words

What is adult cystic acne? Adult cystic acne is, unfortunately, one of the worst possible forms of acne. Once thought to be a phenomenon prevalent exclusively among children and adolescents, cystic acne is fast becoming a more and more frequent affliction experienced by adults. The only difference between cystic acne and adult cystic acne, therefore, is the age of the sufferer. Cystic acne is characterized by large bumps, lesions and severe redness and inflammation in the affected area. Cystic acne bumps are actual cysts, which can be described as infected, oily, pus and bacteria-filled mounds that form just under the skin. It can take over different parts of your body, such as your back and shoulders, but, as with most acne, the face is the most common site of the problem. It can be quite painful, disfiguring and lead to permanent scarring, which can cause a deep plunge in your self-esteem. What causes it? There are several factors that contribute to the onset of cystic acne in adults. The immediate cause is an overproduction of oil, usually brought on by the hormone imbalance or overactive glands, which leads to clogged pores. This interferes with the skin’s normal renewal process, rendering it unable to properly dispose of dead skin cells. This can result in serious bacterial infections that are a precursor to cystic acne. Although the problem is largely out of your hands, it can be exacerbated by external factors, such as: †¢ Heavy use of lotions and beauty creamsShow MoreRelatedExplain the Potential Effects of Five Different Life Factors on the Development of an Individual1779 Words   |  8 Pageswould have looked pale, grey and tired especially a few days after consuming the alcohol. As well as this alcohol would have dried out his skin and have leaded to wrinkles and premature aging. If Stephen had drank heavily he could have may develop acne rosacea, a skin disorder that starts with a tendency to blush and flush easily and can progress to facial disfiguration, a condition known as rhinophyma. The long term issues of drinking are much more server then the short term ones. Potentially alcoholRead MoreRisks of Using Steroids Greater Than Benefits Essay2015 Words   |  9 Pagesone to three million average Americans were using steroids at this time as well (Ribadeneira 1). Health Risks    Many serious side effects and health risks are involved with using steroids. Early symptoms of steroid abuse are, serious cystic acne, significant, sudden increases in body weight, headaches, dizziness, severe leg and abdominal cramping, and premature hair loss (Cochran 1). The entire body is affected by steroid use. Health risks involving the cardiovascular system include, cholesterolRead MoreVenture Capital and Tech Coast Angels9915 Words   |  40 PagesCalifornia, Derm maCare was a start-up ven nture that pla anned to mar rket its Therm maClear acne e-treatment d device direct to consum tly mers using dire response t ect television (DR RTV). Scocimara was DermaCare’s CEO, and h and his co he ofounders, Lu Da Silva and George Choi, uiz were excited abou the compan ut ny’s prospects Early clinic trials show that the ThermaClear acne s. cal wed r device made pimp e ples disappea twice as qu ar uickly as thos left untreat Read MoreDermaCare10958 Words   |  44 Pagesmers using direect response television t (DR RTV). Scocimara was DermaCare’s CEO, and he h and his co ofounders, Lu uiz Da Silva and George Choi, were excited abou ut the compan ny’s prospectss. Early cliniccal trials show wed that the ThermaClearr acne devicee made pimp ples disappeaar twice as qu uickly as thosse left untreatted. With those results in hand, Scocim mara and Ch hoi approacheed angel inveestors, includiing Silicon Valley-based V B Band of Angeels, to raise a Series A rou und. JustRead MoreBacterial Disease6531 Words   |  27 PagesVibrio vulnificus * Vibrio * Yersiniosis * Whipples Disease * Bacterial digestive infections * Acute Appendicitis * Meningitis * Bacterial meningitis * Encephalitis * Impetigo * Cellulitis * Carbuncle * Boil * Acne * Sepsis * Neurosyphilis -- asymptomatic * Human monocytic ehrlichiosis * Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome * Neurosyphilis -- tabes dorsalis * Lysteria monocytoigeneses meningitis * Pyomyositis * Pasteurella multocida Read MoreCase Study in Nursing8060 Words   |  33 Pagesthe zonafasciculata, and the zonareticularis. EMBRYOLOGY First detected at 6 weeks gestation, the adrenal cortex is derived from the mesoderm of the posterior abdominal wall. Steroid secretion from the fetal cortex begins shortly thereafter. Adult-type zonaglomerulosa and fasciculata are detected in fetal life but make up only a small proportion of the gland, and the zonareticularis is not present at all. The fetal cortex predominates throughout fetal life. The adrenal medulla is of ectodermalRead MoreNursing Care Plan Essay10501 Words   |  43 Pagesacid secretion; longer acting than isoproterenol Uses: Prevention of exercise-induced asthma, bronchospasm, production of premature labor Dosage and routes: To prevent exercise-induced asthma #8226; Adult: INH 2 puffs 15 min before exercising, NEB/LPPB 5 mg tid-qid Bronchospasm #8226; Adult: INH 1-2 puffs q4-6h PO 2-4 mg tid-qid, not to exceed 8 mg Prevention of premature labor Available forms: Aerosol 90 mg/actuation; tabs 2, 4 mg; syr 2 mg/5 ml, cont rel 4, 8 mg Side effects/adverse reactions: Read MoreModule Quizzes Essay14245 Words   |  57 Pages tRNA carrying methionine binds to the start codon 5. the process continues until the ribosome reaches a stop codon 6. a tRNA with the corresponding anti-codon for the next codon binds 2, 4, 6, 1, 3, 5 Chapter 18 Both sickle cell anemia and cystic fibrosis manifest their specific diseases because: the mutated proteins have lost their normal functions. Nucleotide insertions and deletions can lead to a shift in the way the nucleotide sequence is read. These are called: Frameshifts WhichRead MoreMaagang Pagbubuntis Ng Mga Kabataan9395 Words   |  38 Pageso  Ã‚  Ã‚  (+) and with trait = 50% chance of NB with Sickle cell anemia o  Ã‚  Ã‚  (+) and (+) = all children will have Sickle Cell Anemia    o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fetal Hgb = 2 alpha + 2 gammas chains (amino acids) o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Adult Hgb = 2 alpha and 2 beta chains o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sickle cell is trait is carried on the beta chain (3-6 months, from fetal to adult Hgb) †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mgt: o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Exchange transfusion ï‚ §Ã¯â€š  Ã¯â€š  replace sickled – RBC with normal RBC ï‚ §Ã¯â€š  Ã¯â€š  remove increased bilirubin ï‚ §Ã¯â€š  Ã¯â€š  restoring Hgb level o  Ã‚  Ã‚  control pain o  Ã‚  Ã‚  administer O2 o  Ã‚  Ã‚  hydrate o  Ã‚  Ã‚  folicRead MoreIphs Standards for 100 Bedded Hospital16137 Words   |  65 PagesSPECIALITIES MEDICAL 6 1 Pleural Aspiration 2 Skin scraping for fungus / AFB 3 Skin Biopsies 4 Abdominal tapping OPD Procedures (Including IPD) 1 Dressing (Small, Medium and Large) 2 Injection (I/M I/V) 3 Catheterisation 4 Steam Inhalation 5 Cut down (Adult) 6 Enema 7 Stomach Wash 8 Douche 9 Sitz bath 11 Blood Transfusion 12 Hydrotherapy 13 Bowel Wash Skin Procedures 1 Chemical Cautery 2 Electro Cautery 3 Intra Lesional Injection 4 Biopsy Paediatric Procedures 1 Immunization (BCG, OPV, DPT, Measles, DT)

Find General Online Degree Programs 2019

The Other and General category is for general courses and degrees that dont fit into more traditional academic structures. The reason for this is that online general education colleges have led the way in adapting academic pursuits to career orientation. For example, you can attend a traditional school and spend two or three years obtaining a masters in business administration (MBA). Not so long ago, the degree alone was enough to elicit many job interviews, but with a masters in a more specialized area, the opportunities for job interviews rise. Today, you can pursue an online MBA at the University of Phoenix with the choice of seven areas of specialization, ranging from global management to technology management. Or, you can attend one of their campuses in thirteen states. That is an excellent example of an academic institution adjusting  to a rapidly changing employment marketplace. Many online institutions offer general education classes for general degrees that simply dont appear in course catalogues for traditional schools. However, those degrees do provide significance to the employment marketplace. Another example is Capella University, which has a Masters of Science in Human Services. What they have done is mix an  arrangement of the social sciences into the following areas of specialization: Counseling Studies Criminal Justice General Human Services Health Care Administration Management of Non-Profit Agencies Marital, Couple, and Family Counseling/Therapy CACREP Accredited Mental Health Counseling CACREP Accredited Social and Community Services Sociology .u194102c362fe11d19048c0c990a22530 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u194102c362fe11d19048c0c990a22530:active, .u194102c362fe11d19048c0c990a22530:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u194102c362fe11d19048c0c990a22530 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u194102c362fe11d19048c0c990a22530 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u194102c362fe11d19048c0c990a22530 .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u194102c362fe11d19048c0c990a22530:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Health Care Administration CareersIts a much more direct approach in  adjoining career aspirations to education. For careers that dont require a white collar background but are just as lucrative, look no further than Wyotech. Their selection of vocational programs includes standards like HVAC and automotive technology, but also teaches skills in aircraft maintenance and has an auto body vocational program that includes manufacturing custom parts for show cars. They also have a thorough diesel program that takes students through power trains, fluid and electrical systems and engine management systems. Search our index of hundreds of Online Degrees offered by Accredited Colleges, Universities and Schools. Related ArticlesOnline Degree Programs 5 Most Rewarding CareersEarning Your Online Masters Degree in Education to Secure Your FutureA Masters Degree in Business AdministrationAttaining a Health Care Management Masters DegreeOnline Colleges For Health CareAdvanced Degrees in Health Care

Genetic Modification Genetically Modified Organism

Genetic modification will improve life everywhere by helping to feed the hungry and curing the sick. GMO stands for genetically modified organism. According to the New Oxford American Dictionary, this means an organism containing genetic material that has been artificially altered so as to produce a desired characteristic. Generally, genetic modification happens one of two ways. First, picks the organism with desired traits and breeds it to another with the same traits, making the desired traits more dominate. Second, using a microscope and other technology to cut and paste in the organism’s genome sequence. â€Å"Most commonly, scientists modify plants to make them resistant to herbicides, to speed growing time, or to enable them to†¦show more content†¦It just happened. Many scientists contributed to the foundation of GMO technology. Philosopher Aristotle, one of the first recorded to construct a theory of traits pass down generation to generation, he called this p angenesis. More than 2000 years later, Charles Darwin, theorized desirable traits, helping an organism to survive will adapt and pass down. During this time, in the mid 19th century, other scientist went to work. The famous Gregory Mendel, a botanist and an Austrian monk, conducted the famous pea plant experiment. Through this experiment, he found that certain traits inherited following specific patterns. However, none of the geneticists’ work was used until the 20th century. In 1926, Henry Wallace established the Hi-Bred Corn Company. Today, hybridization, also known selective breeding, creates better crops. The first successful gene splice, completed more than 70 years ago, led the way into genetic engineering. Genetic engineering is another term for genetic modification, describing the use of a microscope and other technology to cut and paste in the organism’s genome sequence. This technology is being utilized every day to modify crops and animals. November 19, 20 15, the FDA approved the AquAdvantage salmon. Saying it is as safe to eat as any non-genetically engineered (GE) Atlantic salmon, and also as nutritious (U.S. Food and Drug Administration†).Show MoreRelatedGenetic Modification : Genetically Modified Organisms1523 Words   |  7 Pagesfrom one species into a different, unrelated species forms genetically modified organisms. Webster’s Dictionary defines genetically modified organisms as â€Å"an organism whose genome has been altered in order to favor the expression of desired physiological traits or the output of desired biological products.† Genetically modified organisms are also known as transgenic organisms. There are many uses for genetic modification. Genetic modification is devoted mainly to the increased use of herbicides andRead MoreBenefits Of Genetically Modified Foods1553 Words   |  7 Pages Genetically Modified foods are made when genetic material from the DNA of one species of a plant’s genes is extracted and forced into the genes of different plants in a laboratory. Everything that is living is made of billions of cells. Inside each of these cells there is a nucleus that contains DNA. DNA is what carries the genetic information that the organisms on from one generation to another have to make a new organism and keep it functional. Genes are made of DNA. They make up the partsRead MoreGenetic Engineering : Genetically Modified Organisms Essay1293 Words   |  6 PagesGene Technology Genetically modified microorganisms Genetically modified microorganisms are microorganisms/organisms which have been genetically altered meaning that their genetic materials have been modified. This modification is achieved through a technological method, genetic engineering. Genetic engineering also known as recombinant DNA technology/genetic modification is a science that employs molecular biology techniques so as to modify or alter the genome of an organism. It involves manipulationRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms ( Gmos )1143 Words   |  5 PagesGenetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic information has been altered in order to create a desired physiological characteristic. Genetic modification is used for a variety of subjects such as improving medicine and agriculture or even modifying domestic animals for aesthetic purposes. There is a lot of controversy surrounding the topic of GMOs due to the fact that it is a relatively new form of science and the long term effects of these org anisms are not known, because ofRead MoreThe Health Impacts Of Eating Foods1108 Words   |  5 Pagesworld. Where love, compassion, altruism and justice have failed, genetic manipulation will not succeed. Gina Maranto, Quest for Perfection. Genetic modification (GM) uses the method of genetic engineering, to manually add new DNA to an organism. With genetic modification one or more new traits are added to the organism that is not present. This modification is either advantageous to the producer or consumer. Food is genetically modified to give or take specific characteristics and traits. It hasRead MoreGenetic Modification ( Gm )1619 Words   |  7 PagesGenetic modification (GM) is the use of modern biotechnology techniques to change the genes of an organism such as plants or animals. No one is permitted to deal with a genetically modified organism (GMO) in Australia unless the Australian Gene Technology Regulator has determined that the GMO is safe to human health and the surrounding environment. As the world’s population continues to increase and is expected to double within the next few years, the world’s demand for food and fibre has increasedRead MoreSociology Paper877 Words   |  4 PagesWhile ge netic management of foods can be traced throughout history, the modern phenomena of GMOs and transgenic plants have come to light in just the last few decades. In today’s modern society, the science of biotechnology and the process of genetic modification are developing throughout the planet. As of 2004, 8.25 million farmers in 17 countries were using genetically modified crops. Today, approximately two- thirds of all food offered in supermarkets has been genetically modified. However, theRead MoreIt Was Only The Beginning Of The Late 20Th Century, When1269 Words   |  6 Pagesdevelopment on genetic modification and genetic engineering began. However, over the past couple of decades, genetic modification has grown to become an important controversial issue in our society. Its consequences can be devastating, but if used correctly, could help shape the world into a different place. However, even at this moment, people still question its integrity and proper use. Along with g enetic engineering, the choice to regulate mandatory laws for genetically modified organisms (GMOs) isRead MoreEssay On Say No To Gmos1303 Words   |  6 Pages Say no to GMOs For years through genetic modification biotech companies have been transferring genes from one species to another. Genetic Modification strays far from traditional animal and plant breeding. GMOs have helped the production of agricultural products but have ruined the environment in the process. GM seeds are pricier than regular seeds, not sterile and have a hefty patent. Genetically modified organisms should be banned by the FDA because they allow big agriculture and biotech companiesRead MoreThe Controversial Developments Of Genetic Engineering871 Words   |  4 Pagesgroundbreaking developments is genetic engineering, which is when scientists modify the genetic makeup of an organism, whether it be altering an animal, plant, or other living thing. Genetic engineering can do many wondrous things for today’s society, such as make crops grow in more adverse conditions, and rid humans of certain malformations and medical conditions. According to Sam VanOrman, another modificati on that should be added to that list is genetically modified mosquitos; however, I respectfully

Implication of Research on Teacher Belief Free Essays

Teachers’ beliefs can be understood as the assumptions that teachers hold about their students, classroom, subject matter, and school context (Kagan, as cited in Yuan; Lee, 2014). These beliefs can be stronger than knowledge in determining how teachers will behave in the classroom, since these beliefs are rooted in our culture; they start to form early in life, and they are resistant to change (Williams and Burden, 1997). Proposed research problem The beliefs of EFL teachers about the use of L1 in the teaching of English as a foreign language to teenage learners in public educational institutions. We will write a custom essay sample on Implication of Research on Teacher Belief or any similar topic only for you Order Now Research statement Undoubtedly, beliefs are an important issue in every area that is related to human behavior and learning (Ajzen, 1988). To Xu (2012), this is so because beliefs are involved in helping individuals make sense of the world, influencing how new information is perceived, and whether it is accepted or rejected. In addition, beliefs color memories with their evaluation and judgment, and serve to frame our understanding of events. For their part, McLeod and McLeod (2002) state that beliefs help people make sense of the world around them, which means that what people understand and know is defined and affected by means of what they believe is true, necessary, desirable, or recommendable. When it comes to teachers’ beliefs, different authors claim that they have a greater effect than the teachers’ knowledge on planning their lessons, on the types of decisions they adopt, and on classroom practice. Not only do teachers’ beliefs play a key role in teachers’ classroom practices and their professional development, but also they influence teachers’ real behaviors towards their learners (Clark Peterson, 1986; Pajares, 1992; Li, 2012). Similarly, Kuzborska (2011) maintains that teachers make decisions about their classroom teaching regarding beliefs they have about language teaching and learning. She emphasizes that teachers’ beliefs have a great impact on their aims, procedures, their roles, and their learners. For their part, Phipps and Borg (2009) state that teachers’ beliefs about teaching and learning are affected by their own experiences as learners and act as filters through which they explain new information, take teaching decisions, plan instructional practices, and define what and how they teach. On the other hand, the role of the students’ first language (L1) and its influence on the target language (TL) has long been a controversy. To some authors, the TL should be the only medium of communication, because the foreign language is best learned and taught through the language itself. For them, the avoidance of the L1 would maximize the effectiveness of learning the TL because maximum exposure to TL guarantees greater levels of acquisition and command. Additionally, they claim that the use of MT may obstruct the learning of LT due to language interference (Cook, 2001; Richards and Rodgers, 2001). Other authors, however, claim that the use of L1 can be helpful in most classroom activities, such as learning new vocabulary items, explaining complex ideas, studying grammatical rules, or studying cultural elements. Moreover, a judicious and well–planned use of the students’ L1 can give positive results in reducing anxiety, demotivation, and identity alienation. In fact, most EFL teachers and students often resort to L1 during the learning and teaching process. Consequently, it is important to study and understand what teachers believe about the use of L1, how they use it and to what extent it can become a teaching resource in the EFL classroom. Problem formulation In virtue of the above, the present research proposal seeks the recognition of the beliefs of teachers about the use of the first language (L1) in the teaching of English as a foreign language (EFL) in public educational institutions; concretely, it attempts to understand the basic nature of those beliefs. Consequently, this proposal aims at answering the following research questions: Primary research question What do teachers believe about the use of L1 in the teaching of English as a foreign language to teenage learners in public educational institutions? Secondary research questions What types of beliefs do teachers have about the use of L1 in the teaching of EFL to teenage learners in public educational institutions? What characteristics do teachers’ beliefs about the use of L1have in terms of nature and purpose? In regards to the previous research questions, the proposal aims at achieving the following objectives: General objective Identify the beliefs that teachers have about the use of L1 in the teaching of English as a foreign language to teenage learners in public educational institutions. Specific objectives Recognize the types of beliefs that teachers have about the use of l1 in the teaching of EFL to teenage learners in public educational institutions. Characterize teachers’ beliefs about the use of L1 in terms of nature and purpose. How to cite Implication of Research on Teacher Belief, Papers

Ethical Principles Decision Making and Leadership

Question: Discuss about the Ethical Principles Decision Making and Leadership. Answer: Introduction: Ancient Greekword ethikos gave rise to the word Ethics. the word ethosgave rise to the work Ethikos and ethos means habit or custom(Goetsch Davis, 2014). Axiology is a branch of philosophy named Axiology includes the further branches of ethic sas well as aesthetics, all of which is concerned with values(Crane Matten, 2016). It is difficult to define precisely the word ethics, but for the purpose of understanding we can say that, it is the code of moral values and principles that is responsible for governing behaviors of a person or a group of people taking into account of right and wrong(Myers, 2013). Ethical principles endow with the fundamentals for an assortment of modern concepts for business, work and organizations, which expand the individual and corporate priorities further than conventional business aims of profit and shareholder improvement. Ethical factors are also a considerable influence on public sector organizations and institutions, for which the conventional priorities of service excellence and cost management must now progressively more take under consideration of these same ethical issues affecting the business and corporate world. When the actions of a person either cause befit or may harm others then only ethical dilemma arises.(Weiss, 2014). Most ethical dilemmas involve the conflict between what is needed to be done and what is the right thing to do. Modern principles or sets of morals that administrate deeds and manners of an entity in the business institute is now regarded as Business ethics(Griffin, 2013). Bothnormativeand descriptive approaches are included in business ethics. The field is principally normative when corporate practice and a career specialization is concerned. in order to encompass descriptive methods several theorists is now trying to comprehend the moral principles of business(Wotruba, Chonko, Loe, 2015). There have been many business organizations that have encountered ethical dilemmas in the past. For the past two years, we have witnessed many scandals that questioned the integrity and business ethics of those organizations(Valentine, Fleischman, Godkin, 2015). One such scandal was on 2015 related to the famous German car brand Volkswagen. Emissionsgate or diselgate is the scandal that erupted in 18th September 2015 when Volkswagen cheated in emissions test. After Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) discovered that Volkswagen (VW) cheated in the emissions testing as they had intentionally plannedturbocharged direct injection(TDI)diesel to regulate specificemissionscontrols only for the duration of laboratoryemissions examinations; German automakerVolkswagen Group were delivered with a legal notice of infringement of the Clean Air Actfrom of United States(Krall Peng, 2015). The vehicles'NOx output was able to meet US standards during regulatory testing due to the program but in re al-world driving the cars discharge up to 40 times more NOx. The defeat device of Volkswagen is not a hardware machine but a software-generated program in the engine that enables the car to detect test conditions and only then activates all the pollution regulatory stops(Blackwelder, Coleman, Colunga-Santoyo, Harrison, Wozniak, 2016). Exhaust flow technique as well as air-fuel ration calculations enable clean diesel engines to reduce emissions. However, in some cases injecting a urea-based solution to render NOx harmless was also used though not in most Volkswagen cars(Krall Peng, 2015). The question is how the car sensed whether it is being tested or not? In majority of the test conditions the cars are adjusted in such a way that first they run at a particular speep for a limited period of time then the speed changes and again the car runs at that speed for a certain time. The central computer of the car can detect whether the inputs match those expected in test conditions(Blackw elder, Coleman, Colunga-Santoyo, Harrison, Wozniak, 2016). The International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) is an NGO who performed did independent on-road particle emissions tests, on the Volkswagen Jetta, the Volkswagen Passat and a BMW X5. The similar routhes that are followed by the EPA simulations are rural up/downhill, suburban, urban and highway driving which the ICCT followed during their exams. The results of the Volkswagen cars were much worse than the BMWs results were(Burki, 2015). Compelled by such results the ICCT ran tests on a dynamometer. However, in these tests, the cars qualified with excellence. At that point, the ICCT contacted the EPA. This led to further investigations. The California Air Resources Board investigated Volkswagen in May 2014. Scientists of West Virginia University conducted the investigation. They performed emission tests from two Volkswagen models outfitted with the diesel engine turbocharged with four NOx cylinders. Results showed tha t during road tests, few cars discharged almost40 timesmore than the acceptable levels of nitrous oxide. Afterwards, Volkswagen became the object of regulatory investigations in multiple countriesand immediately after the news, the stock price of Volkswagen were knocked down by a third within a few days. As a result,Martin Winterkorn who is the CEO of Volkswagen groupgave resignation from his post. The company also suspended the brand development head of the company Heinz-Jakob Neusser, Porsche research and development head Wolfgang Hatz and Audi research and development head Ulrich Hackenber (Ewing, 2015). As a compensatory plan, Volkswagen announced that they will spend7.3 billion U.S dollars on repairing the emissions problems. However, later the amount increased to 18.32 billion $. Later on, they also gave plans of renovation for the affected vehicles. German prosecutors gave statement that,Mr. Winterkorn was under investigationfor exploitation because he had waited longer than needed to release that the company was facing an inquiry over the scandal of emission gate. On 19th July 2015,a public complaint was filed against chief executive; Matthias Mller on behalf of the New York attorney generalconnected(Crte, 2016). This scandal had reached the top level of Volkswagen management. This incident raised consciousness towards the increasing pollution levels caused by all vehicles. A joint study by ICCT andADACshowed the largest deviations from Volvo, Citron, Hyundai, Renault, Jeep and Fiatbecause of which, the diesel market fell considerably(Krall Peng, 2015). The high-level management personals faced huge legal and ethical issues due to this scandal. This incident broke many ethics and business rules. If we take this incident as an example to discuss upon the theories of managerial issue previously elaborated, we will find that this incident broke at least two of the four prime ethical theories of management. If we criticize this scandal from utilitarian approach then we will see that it was morally incorrect for the governing body of the company to cheat on particle emission tests. It violated many environmental treaties among countries. It contributed into causing major environmental pollution for which health issues can be generated. Environmental protection acts exists to serve not only an individuals needs but to protect the nature from harm. Moreover, the CEO of VW avoided the press release of the scandal in order to protect the integrity of the company leading to causing ignorance of the buyers. It broke consumers trust on the comp any and involved them into the crime they are committing towards government of several countries. This also raises questions regarding the morality of the managerial body. It was an unethical corporate action and cannot be attributed solely to a single manager. From the point of view of moral right approach, this scandal jeopardized the moral rights of the stakeholders. People who invested in the shares of the company suffered huge loss without knowing the reality of the situation. They broke buyers trust. From the stakeholders point of view it broke their right to free counsel, right of freedom of conscience as well as their right of life and safety. Apart from these two, this incident also violated the justice theory. As the company broke many rules and committed serious crimes by cheating in the fundamental tests run on vehicles in order for them to acquire permission to launch these vehicles. There are many ways of approaching an ethical dilemma and one strategy that is based on norms and values may be a good way. Among many approaches that are included in the normative approach, four approaches are relevant to managers for dealing with an ethical dilemma(Ford Richardson, 2013). The utilitarian approach or rule based theory dates back to eighteenth century and was first formulated by Jeremy Bentham. Later on John Stuart Mill redefined it(Nahavandi, 2016). The theory reflects upon the consequences of any action on the stakeholders. This theory avoids self-interest and considers interests of all persons affected by an action impartially. Parties who are affected by the result of any actions are stakeholders. This theory implemented when benefits needed to be maximized and overall harm is to be minimized for all the stakeholders. Utilitarian theory recognizes that trade-off is present during decision-making. It includes cost-benefit analysis while taking any decision(Guiso, Sapienza, Zingales, 2015). The individualism theory states that, when any act promotes the individuals best long-term interests at that instance, that particular act is considered moral(Pullen Rhodes, 2015). A decisions goodness is calculated in order to determine the best long-term advantage to them. In theory, the greater good is achieved when people learn to help each other for their best personal interest. It is believed that individualism ultimately leads to integrity and honesty because in the end that results in best output. Therefore, this theory ultimately urges people to behave as such they want to receive from others. An important consideration towards this approach is that this theory projects towards short-term variations. This theory is unpopular in todays society as it argues for immediate self-gain(Guiso, Sapienza, Zingales, 2015). According to the moral rights theory, humans have elementary liberties that no way could be withdrawn by other peoples decision. Therefore, a choice that preserves right of all individuals related to an event of concern is said to be an ethical decision. There are six fundamental ethical rights that should be taken into account while making a choice during. First, the right to give approval freely states that any person should be treated as per their consent of free will. Second, the right to confidentiality concerns with the right of a person to abstain information about their private life. Third, the right of freedom of principles ensures that an Individual may abstain from abiding any order that violates their threatens their religious and ethical values. Fourth, the right of freedom of speech provides a person with right to criticize honestly the ethics or legality of other people actions. Fifth, the right of having unbiased decision entitles a person of having an unbiased hearin g and proper justice. Sixth, the right of life and security protects an individuals right to live a safe life and avoiding any situation that threatens it. It is important that managers understand these principles and do not interfere or violate these fundamental principles.(Bowen, 2013). The justice theory states that, moral choices must be taken based on the terms of equity, impartiality and fairness. Aristotle and Plato did the foundations of justice theory in the fifth century B.C. However, a significant contemporary contributor to this theory is John Rawls. Fairness, equity and impartiality are the major components of justice theory. There are three types of justice that concerns managers of any organization are; 1. distributive justice 2. procedural justice and 3. compensatory justice(Verssimo Lacerda, 2015). Distributive justice contemplates that difference in treatment towards people should not be based on random personality. Similar people concerning a decision should receive similar treatment. For example, gender bias should not reside in a work place. Female and male employees should receive similar salary if they perform similar duties. However, people who endowed with different jobs or if they have different skills, their salary may vary among them(van G ils, Van Quaquebeke, van Knippenberg, van Dijke, De Cremer, 2015). Procedural justice ensures fair administration of rules. Before enforcing any rule, it should be stated clearly and consistent as well as impartial enforcement should be done(Ferrell Fraedrich, 2015). Compensatory justice says that people who are responsible for any injustice or fault that have occurred must compensate for their actions. Moreover, people are not to be receiving punishment over matters one have no control(Asif, Searcy, Zutshi, Fisscher, 2013). Appreciating these approaches is a first step; managers will have to think of ways to implement them(Jin, Drozdenko, DeLoughy, 2013). These approaches present common principles that managers can be familiar with while making ethical decisions. The managers in the fraud in question, should have considered the the morals and ethics of the situation before committing such crimes. The situation demands for the managers to undergo procedural justice as well as compensatory justice. To certain extent, steps were taken in order to compensate for the losses the stakeholders suffered when VW announced to rebuild the engines. However, the agencies and the secondary consumers or the target customers were not compensated. The internal stakeholders who were not aware of the crimes the governing body was committing were also affected. In general, this scandal not only affected the justice system but also the entire society and more broadly it jeopardized the entire environment contributing to increase in global warming. The company deceived the society in so many ethical levels if we consider that when they were caught, VW officials denied what they did. Their unsympathetic attempt to compensate the people they deceived by presenting th em merely $1,000 and free of cost emergency roadside aid was not enough. According to Yotam Lurie who is a senior lecturer of business ethics at Ben-Gurion University in Israel it was acceptable for the software engineers to avoid their responsibility as professionals. Even if it was less efficient or economical, it was their liability to ensure safety, which in this case is the environmental safety. This scandal showed that ethics is just a word written in books that most people fail to follow. People are disobedient in nature. Agencies like the EPA enforce rules but professionals do their jobs in as they think is right as long as they do not get caught. It implies that it is okay to violate rules unless you are exposed. For such a fundamental systemic problem, there exists no particular solution. However, to prevent such scandals a routine study of ethics and principles for the leasers of the world is necessary. Volkswagen is not the first organization to commit such a felony and will not be that last one. Business and corporate ethics programs can outline the consequences of ethics violations so that one rethinks before committing such felony. Nearly all incidence of corporate felony, result in penalty but not criminal charges and prison sentences. The question is who will ensure that organizational or corporate decisions will be taken ethically? The burden always falls upon the leaders to enlighten the followers about morals and ethics. Here the leaders will not only be the leaders of the particular organization in question but also the government leaders as well. Leaders before taking any decision or passing judgment should analyze whether the decision or the judgment was ethical of not. In order to lead an organization in a just way it is important to have regards towards ethics and morals. Having principles and morals improves a persons character. For government leaders they have the responsibility to abide by law as well as law enforcement. Making strict laws against such felonies may ensure that these corporate organizations abide by ethics. A lot of companies and business organization face trouble because people have misunderstanding that, law or free will governs choices. People have a tendency to think presume that if something is not illegal, then it must be moral. However, ethics and morals have very different meaning from legality of any decision or situation. People must understand that there is a third domain that something could be legal and unethical at the same time. When values of an individual of values of a society are in conflict at that situation ethical dilemma arises. A person who is under the burden of taking moral decisions and implementing ethical decisions is the moral agent. These choices can be regarding personal choices, decisions to be taken for any organization or may be regarding society or any social issue. According to Friedman (2002), the only rule of business is to increase profit without jeopardizing any law or commit any fraud or scam(Christensen, Mackey, Whetten, 2014). Volkswagen did mislead both governmental agencies as well as customers. Here they did not abide by any laws, they broke environmental protection laws, and they cheated their customers as well as the society. They followed neither any law nor any ethics. For a brand of such a status, they have a responsibility towards world and society. Such brands tend to influence young minds. Leaders of such huge organizations tend to become role models for young minds. In order to bring a change in such cases a strong leader with morals and principals should be chosen to lead an organization. It would be the leaders responsibility to implement the ethical code to the employees so that the organization does not face such situation again. Government laws against such scandals should also be very strict. In these situations as mon ey tends to resolve matters it should be taken into account that this scenario ay influence young minds into thinking that it is okay to commit felony if they can pay their way out of legal proceedings. Laws regarding such issues need to be improvised. 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